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Footnotes
[i] For Herzfeld, an ethnographic work “must be reflexive to the point of recognizing both the contingent nature of such interpretative devices, and the contextualized nature of all cultural phenomena” (Herzfeld 1983: 101).
[ii] Concerning this issue, see Portis-Winner 1990, Torop 2006 and Mertz 2007.
[iii] Somehow, Cohen’s definition is related with Lotman’s definition of boundary in the sense that both differentiate the cultural us from others, regardless of the nature of the space of the others. Nonetheless, Cohen’s boundary is seen as a fact of transgression that might exist, or might not because is a matter of choice. Lotman’s boundedness is essential.
[iv] Broadly speaking, biculturalism is related with the ability developed by people raised in multi-ethnic environments to develop more than one identity. Agar treats biculturalism as homologous to bilingualism and stresses the continuous character of culture (Agar 2006: 170).
[v] It is considered an unaccompanied foreign minor the person that being separated from both parents and other relatives, and not being “to the care of an adult whom for law or custom must be incumbent in his/her responsibility” tries to enter irregularly in the country or is already there without any authorization of residence permit” (Bravo Rodríguez 2005).
[vi] The type of interaction between members with different cultural backgrounds is denominated as intercultural communication. Jef Verschueren, for instance, argues that this type of communication must be seen as “a form of communication that is approached from the pragmatic point of view” (Verschueren 2008: 22). This particular view is related with how meaning is generated and negotiated in interaction.
[vii] Ramadan is the ninth Islamic month of the Hijra (literally “migration”) calendar, it is considered as a holy month by Muslim communities in which they perform a month-long fasts, that lasts 29 or 30 days, from the sunrise until the sunset. Throughout the whole of the day they are not allowed to ingest any food or drink, , nor smoking and of course, they can’t hold any type of intercourse whatsoever. The Hijra refers to the time when the prophet Muhammad started his journey towards Mecca. Currently, we are in the year of 1433 anno Hegirae (in the year of the Hijra). There are three main religious reasons for celebrating Ramadan: a) The Quran was first revealed during this month; b) The gates of Heaven are open; c) The gates of Hell are closed and the devils are chained up in Hell.
[viii] The second most important ritual performed by Muslims happens during the so-called day of Eid-al-Adha, which commemorates the willingness of Ibrahim (Abraham for Christians) to sacrifice his son Ismail as an act of obedience to God.
[ix] Halal stands for “permissible”, and has to do with the ritualistic butchering of animals or with the food that is seen as permissible according to Islamic law.
[x] Amazigh or Berber is a generic name for a language from the Tamazight linguistic group, whose languages are spoken widely in Northern Africa among 25 million people. These languages have their own official alphabet: Tifinagh. Furthermore, Berbers constitute the bulk of the population of the Maghrebian countries. In Morocco, they are the largest ethnic minority. Four interviewees in this work belong to this ethnic group.